This is a very open ended question with a million possible answers. How about defining some goals for horsepower, cost ect?
The stock shortblock is good for 425-450rwhp. With no other modifications, a turbo with moderate boost could easily take you right up to that power level. That can make for a very fast car without a lot of work or investment, and if you don't push past 425-450rwhp, it can be very reliable. In that case, you wouldn't have to think about cams or building an engine at all.
If you get bored with that, it might give you a nice opportunity to build up the bottom end. Stronger rods and pistons, and the stock 4.6 block/crank will take 6-800hp. Use a forged crank and you can go even higher. I wouldn't recommend boring more than necessary to clean up the cylinders. The increase in displacement isn't worth it and you just make the cylinder walls thinner (and weaker). I cracked the block on two 2.3L engines because of cors shift and going .030 over.
In terms of how you get there, heads will certainly help the engine flow and make more power at a lower boost level. Turbo engines don't need a lot of cam to make power. A stock cam will work great for many applications and there are turbo cams available. Just be careful not to go overboard. The wilder the cam, the more overlap it'll have, and turbo engines generally don't like much overlap. Again, if you want more power, just increase the boost. Things like lowering the compression ratio, a good intercooler and meth/water injection will help you get to your goal.
As an example, my 2.3 made 300+rwhp with a stock cam, stock bottom end, lightly cleaned up head and lots of boost. Nothing special and the combination would run out of breath by 5000 rpm. Just saying, you don't need a bunch of special parts to make the power.