Things that weaken engine blocks are vibrations/bad harmonics, excessive heat, expansion & contraction, etc. However, what commonly blows a block apart is a catastrophic failure in the rotating assembly (rods, pistons, crank, etc). Someone had mentioned nitrous. Nitrous typically comes on abruptly, which may put quite a bit of strain on the rotating assembly, especially when under load. You can build a strong nitrous engine, but the rotating assembly must lightened and/or contructed of hardened materials. Blower/turbo engines are a little more forgiving because the engine is always under some level of boost, but heat is a big concern, therefore an excellent cooling system is recommended and the tune must be right on. A naturally aspirated engine generally makes more power with increasing RPM...and certainly most high performance small block 302-311cid engines must wind up 6000-9000 RPM to see 400+rwhp. Again, support systems like cooling, oiling, and highly accurate balancing are going reduce the stain on the block.
All that said, YES, you can take a stock 302HO block and produce 450+rwhp, however, precision machining, balancing, attention to support systems, hardened materials, and proper tuning will go a long way towards extending the life of the block.