The alternator produces an Alternating Current. This is not really useable for the stereo equipment. You need Direct Current.
Lets talk amplifiers:
Some amplifiers will utilize the standard 12VDC system to direct drive the speaker output. This is not very effective at producing large power outputs.
More powerful amplifiers will use a DC to DC converter which is built into the amplifier. In fact other than the aluminum heat sink, the bulk of the amplifiers weight comes from the power semiconductors and magnetics of the DC-to-DC power supply. This power supply will step up the 12vdc input voltage to a higher voltage possibly 40-70 vdc. There are many technical reasons for doing this. These include semiconductor selections, conduction efficiencies and thermal management.
The net result is 12 or 18 vdc makes NO difference. The DC-DC power supply is pulse width modulated and will essentially regulate itself within a Safe Operating Area (SOA). Your limiting factor is not input voltage, but input switching conductance, frequency and overall design. You can not control these factors.
What does this mean to you?
1. The speaker load should be matched appropriatly to your amp's specs. If it says 4ohm out....don't go 2 ohm. Transfer efficiency is a function or your amplifiers drivers, not how many speakers you can parallel to the output. Mosfets do have limits.
2. It is most likely your amp is current starved. Upgrade your alternator.
3. Caps are only temporary storage devices for current. They have associated losses . Especially, Farad electrolytics. IF you need caps, your CURRENT STARVED.